Table of Contents

As an introduction to this document, some chapters (1 and 4) are available full-text in PDF format. Click on the links in the Table of Contents.

Table of Contents

• Acknowledgements
• Preface

Introduction

1. Water supply, health and socio-economic development
2. Small community water supplies in developing countries

• Bibliography

Planning and management

1. Planning for community managed water supply systems
2. Participatory processes
3. Programme organisational aspects

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Small community water services in Central and Eastern European countries: situation, challenges, needs and developments

1. General information
2. Condition of water services in CEE countries
3. Challenges, needs and developments
4. Relevance of this publication to CEE countries

• Bibliography
• Key contact organisations

Water quality and quantity

1. Introduction
2. Water quantity
3. Water quality

• Bibliography
• Web sites and discussion groups

Integrated water resources management

1. The concept of IWRM
2. The complications that make IWRM necessary
3. A brief history of IWRM
4. IWRM - a framework for multiple systems, actors, sectors and scales
5. IWRM in community water supply
6. A practical approach to implementing IWRM within WSS projects and programmes
7. Conclusions

Integrated water resources management

1. The concept of IWRM
2. The complications that make IWRM necessary
3. A brief history of IWRM
4. IWRM - a framework for multiple systems, actors, sectors and scales
5. IWRM in community water supply
6. A practical approach to implementing IWRM within WSS projects and programmes
7. Conclusions
8. Bibliography

Artificial recharge

1. Introduction
2. Methods of artificial recharge
3. Direct methods
4. Water harvesting technology options

• Bibliography

Rainwater harvesting

1. Introduction
2. Collection surface
3. Filtration systems and settling tanks
4. Storage provisions
5. Sizing a rainwater harvesting system
6. Health and water quality
7. Integrated and holistic nature of rainwater harvesting
8. Conclusions and recommendations

• Bibliography
• Web sites and discussion groups

Spring water tapping

1. Introduction
2. Identification of spring source
3. Types of spring sources
4. Feasibility study
5. Design and construction
6. Protection of catchment and direct spring surroundings

• Bibliography
• Web sites and discussion groups

Pumping

1. Introduction
2. Power sources for pumping
3. Types of pumps
4. Technology selection
5. Reciprocating pumps
6. Rotary (positive displacement) pumps
7. Axial-flow pumps
8. Centrifugal pumps
9. Pump drive arrangements
10. Air-lift pumps
11. Hydraulic ram

• Bibliography
• Web sites and discussion groups

Groundwater withdrawal

1. Introduction
2. Groundwater occurrence and prospecting
3. Methods of groundwater withdrawal
4. Infiltration galleries
5. Dug wells
6. Boreholes (Tubewells)
7. Construction materials
8. Borehole development

• Bibliography
• Web sites and discussion groups

Surface water intake and small dams

1. River water intake
2. Lake water intake
3. Typical intake construction
4. Small dams and village ponds
5. Operational and protectional issues
6. Screens

• Bibliography

Water treatment

1. Introduction
2. Multiple barriers strategy and basic water treatment concepts
3. Health risks associated with drinking water
4. Historical background of water treatment plants
5. General effectiveness of water treatment process for contaminant removal
6. Groundwater quality and treatment
7. Surface water quality and treatment
8. Bibliography
9. Web sites and discussion groups

Aeration

1. Introduction
2. Waterfall aerators
3. Bubble aerators

• Bibliography

Coagulation and flocculation

1. Introduction
2. Coagulants
3. Coagulation and flocculation with extracts of particular seeds
4. Rapid mixing
5. Flocculation
6. Hydraulic flocculators

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Sedimentation

1. Introduction
2. Settling tank design
3. Construction
4. Tilted plate and tube settles
5. Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

• Bibliography

Multi-stage filtration technology

1. Introduction
2. Slow sand filtration technology
3. Overcoming the water quality limitations of slow sand filtration
4. Considerations about multi-stage filtration
5. Cost consideration
6. Selection of MSF alternatives

• Bibliography

Rapid filtration

1. Introduction
2. Types of rapid filters
3. Theoretical aspects
4. Rapid filter operation and control
5. Design considerations
6. Construction
7. Village-scale rapid filtration
8. Roughing filtration

• Bibliography

Desalination technology

1. The role of desalination in solving water scarcity problems
2. Desalination methods
3. Thermal desalting processes
4. Membrane desalting processes
5. Energy consumption in desalination systems
6. Desalinated water costs
7. Small community water supply applications

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Disinfection

1. Introduction
2. Physical disinfection
3. Chemical disinfectants
4. Metallic ions
5. Chlorine and its compounds
6. Pre- and post-chlorination and disinfection-by-products
7. Chlorination in practice
8. Disinfection of water supply in emergency situations

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Water transmission

1. Introduction
2. Types of water conduits
3. Design parameters
4. Hydraulic design
5. Water transmission by pumping
6. Pipe materials

• Bibliography

Water distribution

1. Introduction
2. Types of distribution systems
3. Design considerations
4. Distribution system design
5. Operation and maintenance of distribution systems

• Bibliography

Technologies for fluoride removal

1. Introduction
2. Health impacts of excess fluoride in potable waters
3. Guidelines and standards
4. Fluoride control options

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Technologies for arsenic removal from groundwater

1. Occurrence of arsenic in groundwater
2. Arsenic-related health problems
3. Cure for arsenic-related diseases
4. Arsenic testing
5. Physical-chemical processes for arsenic removal
6. Technologies for arsenic removal
7. Community-scale treatment plants
8. Arsenic removal units attached to tubewells
9. Household treatment units
10. Uncertainties and considerations for arsenic removal technology

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Water supply in disaster and emergencies

1. Introduction
2. Water tankers
3. Water intake, storage, treatment and distribution systems
4. Spring protection
5. Wells and boreholes
6. Rainwater catchment
7. Household facilities
8. Emergency preparedness

• Bibliography
• Web sites

Annexes

1. Sanitary surveys and laboratory analysis
2. Groundwater exploration
3. List of authors and contributors