EcoSan and anaerobic wastewater treatment options

For our project on basic urban services,  I am looking for documents, fact sheets, experiences, or case studies on ecological sanitation and decentralised anaerobic waste water treatment options.

Here’s our selection of electronically available documents with publications, web sites, and organisations on EcoSan and decentralised anaerobic waste water treatment options. [1]

PUBLICATIONS 

GENERAL

• Guidelines for the Implementation of the Bellagio Principles and the Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation Approach (HCES) (2003). Schertenleib, R. et.al. [195 KB]
  This article was presented at the Second International Conference on Ecological Sanitation in Lübeck, Germany, in April 2003. It describes the main components of the preliminary guidelines that were developed for the Implementation of the Bellagio Principles and the HCES Approach. It describes the Enabling Environment which is required for the succesfull implementation of the HCES Approach and defines a 10 Steps processes for its implementation.   

• The Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation Approach (HCES) (2003). Schertenleib, R.; Morel, A. [331 KB]
  This paper was presented at the 3rd World Water Forum in Kyoto, taking place from 16 to 23 March 2003. Also available in Spanish.   

• Summary report of Bellagio Expert Consultation on Environmental Sanitation in the 21st Century, 1-4 February 2000. (2000). EAWAG. Duebendorf, Switzerland : Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC).

PUBLICATIONS ON DECENTRALISED ANAEROBIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT

• The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR): An appropriate technology for on-site sanitation. (2004). Foxon, K.M. et.al., in: Water SA Vol. 30 No. 5 (Special edition).

• Anaerobic methods of municipal wastewater treatment (2001). (Technical information / GATE; no. W3e).   
• Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater under tropical conditions : DECOM manual : manual for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of UASB treatment plants for domestic wastewater(1994)
  [IRC scanned document, available on CD ROM upon request]
• Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewater in UASB-reactors. (Technical information / GATE; no. W6e) (2001). 
• Community-based technologies for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse: options for urban agriculture. (Cities feeding people report series; 27). (2000).  
• Decentralised wastewater treatment methods for developing countries(2001). (Technical information / GATE; no. W8e).  
• DEWATS - Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (2002). Morel, A. [1.5 MB]
  Powerpoint presentation used for different courses on environmental sanitation in developing countries. The presentation describes the concept of decentralised wastewater treatment and presents the main decentralised wastewater treatment technologies, with a main focus on anaerobic pre-treatment systems. 
• Enhanced nutrient removal – nitrogen. Onsite wastewater treatment systems technology Fact Sheets 9. (2004).  Environmental Protection Agency, USA 
• Feasibility of anaerobic sewage treatment in sanitation strategies in developing countries. (IHE report series; no. 20). (1990).
  [IRC scanned document, available on CD ROM upon request] 
• Immobilized cell anaerobic bio-reactors for energy production from agro-processing waste waters : an introduction (2002). Shaji J., Kamaraj, P. and Kamaraj, S. Bio Energy News. Vol. 6 No. 3 (UNDP) India.  
• Non-stormwater fact sheet: Septic Systems. (2000). StormwaterCenter.
• Performance of an anaerobic hybrid reactor combining a filter and a sludge bed. (1998) Paper presented at meeting f Thai Society for Biotechnology for a Self-Sufficient Economy. Suraruk, B.; Wangnai, C.; Chaiprasert, P.; Tantacharoen, M. 
• Potential of the anaerobic baffled reactor as decentralised wastewater treatment system in the tropics. (2004). Koottatep, T. et.al. [469 KB]
  Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment & Recycling in Perth, Australia, in February 2004. The paper presents the first results of lab-scale experiments conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology on upgraded septic tank systems for the treatment of black (high strength) wastewater. The paper is a critical compilation of the Master Thesis of Mrs Sri-Anant, mentioned above ("Upgrading conventional septic tanks by integrating in-tank baffles"). 
• Review of anaerobic treatment processes (for developing countries). WELL fact sheets. (2003/4?).   
• Sewage treatment by UASB-reactor : operation results and recommendations for design and utilization (1992)
  [IRC scanned document, available on CD ROM upon request]  
• Vegetated submerged beds and other high-specific-surface anaerobic reactors. Onsite wastewater treatment systems technology Fact Sheets 5. (2004). Environmental Protection Agency, USA   

PUBLICATIONS ON ECOLOGICAL SANITATION / ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

A small selection. For more on ecosan, please take a look at the web sites mentioned below.

• Ecological sanitation and reuse of wastewater : ecosan, a thinkpiece on ecological sanitation (2004) 
• Ecological sanitation. (2002). Morel, A. [1.5 MB]
  Powerpoint presentation describing "Ecological Sanitation" as a new guiding philosophy for sanitation projects in both North and the South. The different wastewater fractions and their characteristics are presented and the urine diversion technology is introduced. Used for different courses on environmental sanitation in developing countries. 
• Ecosan - closing the loop : proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th - 11th April 2003, Lubeck, Germany.  (2004) 
• Guidelines for the safe use of urine and faeces in ecological sanitation systems : report 2004-1. (EcoSanRes Publications Series) (2004)

WEB SITES / DISCUSSION GROUPS

• Anaerobic Granular Sludge Bed Technology Pages
  Authors of these pages: Jim Field; Reyes Sierra
• Ecosan – ecological sanitation
  Linked to GTZ, Germany.
  See also Ecosan's list of publications
• EcoSanRes 
  International environment and development programme on ecological sanitation
  Provides latest publications and news on ecological sanitation. 
• EcoSanRes Discussion Group  
• IWA Anaerobic Digestion E-mail Discussion Group 
• SANICON, wastewater treatment technology   

ORGANISATIONS

• Atkins Water , Consultancy Bureau, United Kingdom
  E-mail: water@atkinsglobal.com
  Atkins Water works with anaerobic baffled reactors.
• Lenntech Water purification and Air Treatment Holding b.v , The Netherlands
  See for example: Pre-fermer, anaerobic reactor of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) type. Suitable for the treatment of a wide range of different types of wastewater. Both high-strength industrial waste waters and domestic waste water can be treated.
• Lettinga Associates Foundation (LeAF)
  E-mail: info@leaf-water.org
  An independent 'not for profit' firm of world-renowned scientists with many years of experience in their field. LeAF has experience in all sorts of anaerobic treatment systems, especially the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) can be mentioned, which is a high rate anaerobic system, what means that the retention time of the wastewater is relatively short. 
  See also: LeAF working group on anaerobic treatment technology (ATT) 
• SANDEC - Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG)
  Selection of SANDEC publications on anaerobic baffled reactors, anaerobic pre-treatment systems; and ecological sanitation are included in the list above.
  See also SANDEC publications on Decentralised Wastewater Treatment (DEWAT).
• South African Water Research Commission (WRC)
  Provides technical information on requested topics, e.g. anaerobic filters, reactors, etc. See document on ABR in the publications list above.
  See also: the application of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) in sanitation in low income communities, a Water Research Commission (WRC) funded project
• Waste Consultants , The Netherlands
  See for example their publication: Present technological options for water use and treatment in the context of the ecological integrity approach 

[1] Searched in IRCDOC,  with keywords: anaerobic filters; sludge AND treatment; anaerobic treatment; UASB; ecological sanitation; environmental sanitation AND urban; sri lanka AND sdisan. Only electronically available documents are included.

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This response has been provided by the WELL Resource Centre Network with funding from the UK Department for International Development (DFID).

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